Author: Zhang Yi, ITDs Research Office, Jiangnan University, School of design, Jiangnan University
Source: cultural heritage, issue 1, 2020
Blue calico pictures from the Internet
Abstract:
"Intangible cultural heritage re entering life" is the necessity for the continuous inheritance and development of traditional technology. In the process of promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional technology, we must clarify the connection and difference between traditional intangible cultural heritage technology and its innovative design, cultural and creative product design and modern product design, so as to correctly handle the inheritance and innovation of traditional intangible cultural heritage technology projects. It is the best inheritance and development that the traditional craft of innovative design can better integrate into the contemporary life and make it an organic part of the contemporary life style; The cultural and creative products that start from the cultural elements of "traditional crafts" and carry out integrated and innovative design are derived from the cultural elements of traditional crafts, which enhance the added value of products with traditional culture, and will play a role in promoting the popularization and inheritance of traditional crafts; Modern product design, which draws on the cultural elements of "traditional crafts", will play an active role in the construction of national cultural soft power with its unique cultural elements of "intangible cultural heritage traditional crafts project". The three are the forms of creative transformation and innovative development of intangible cultural heritage traditional crafts in the contemporary era, but their respective positions need to be made clear in the specific practice.
Since 2015, with the promotion of the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of education, we have implemented the "China Intangible Cultural Heritage group training program", "more than 110 institutions of higher learning actively participate in the" China Intangible Cultural Heritage inheritors "jointly implemented by the Ministry of culture and tourism, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of human resources and social security The group study, study and training program has benefited over 70000 young and middle-aged intangible cultural heritage inheritors so far. "Together with a series of activities such as intangible cultural heritage exposition and cultural heritage day launched by the Ministry of culture and tourism and high-density reports by the central and local media," intangible cultural heritage "has become a hot topic in the contemporary era," and "the re-entry of intangible cultural heritage" has become the consensus of the whole society.
In this context, the inheritance and innovation development of intangible cultural heritage traditional technology project (hereinafter referred to as traditional technology) has also been carried out in a colorful and diverse form. Of course, with the emergence of new things, we are not deep enough in their development rules and understanding. It is also a normal cognitive process to discuss, even argue and destroy reputation. Whether there is boundary and boundary between the intangible cultural heritage traditional process and its innovative design, cultural and creative product design and modern product design? Whether there is "over design" problem in the traditional process innovation? How to implement the "traditional process innovation" correctly? All these are urgent issues to be solved in the inheritance and development of the traditional process at this stage.
It is always beneficial to discuss, which will make us more deeply understand the internal development law of "traditional technology" and its innovation.
1、 "Intangible cultural heritage re entering life" is the necessity of its inheritance and development
(I) the understanding of laws, regulations and government documents in various periods on the internal development law of intangible cultural heritage protection is constantly deepened
The idea of intangible cultural heritage re entering life is clearly put forward in the continuous exploration of intangible cultural heritage protection practice. On August 28, 2004, the 11th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress adopted the decision to ratify the Convention on the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and the intangible cultural heritage law of the people's Republic of China, which came into force on June 1, 2011, states shall encourage and support the exertion of the special advantages of intangible cultural heritage resources on the basis of effective protection and reasonable Use intangible cultural heritage representative projects to develop cultural products and services with local, national characteristics and market potential. "Legal documents clearly stipulate that intangible cultural heritage can reasonably utilize and develop cultural products and services with market potential, and indicate the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and life.
In February 2012, the guiding opinions on strengthening the productive protection of intangible cultural heritage pointed out: "under the premise of effective protection and inheritance In order to promote the integration of intangible cultural heritage protection into people's production and life, the concept of "specific intangible cultural heritage" production protection "is put forward for the first time in government documents, and the concept of integrating intangible cultural heritage protection into people's life is promoted.
In November 2015, the notice of the general office of the Ministry of culture and the general office of the Ministry of education on the implementation of the training plan for the study and study of the inheritors of intangible cultural heritage in China "I. The purpose of the plan, the training plan for the study and study focuses on 'strengthening the foundation and broadening the horizons' To promote traditional crafts into modern life. "At the beginning of the implementation of the research and training plan, we advocated the intangible cultural heritage to enter modern life, and grasped the key of intangible cultural heritage protection.
"Revitalization plan of traditional Chinese crafts" in March 2017 (I) overall objective. Based on the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation So that the traditional technology can be widely used in modern life and better meet the needs of people's consumption upgrading. "5. Emphasize that the revitalization of traditional crafts can not be separated from the application in modern life, and meet the people's higher demand for intangible cultural heritage products with high quality and excellent traditional culture carrier.
Article 4 of the measures for the administration of national cultural and ecological reserves in December 2018: "the construction of national cultural and ecological reserves shall adhere to the concept of protection priority, overall protection, and seeing people and seeing things and life, not only protecting intangible cultural heritage, but also protecting the human and natural environment that breeds and develops intangible cultural heritage. In fact, the concept of intangible cultural heritage protection that "see people, see things and see life" contains the goal of rebuilding the cultural ecological environment in line with the existence of intangible cultural heritage and integrating intangible cultural heritage into life.
UNESCO is an international organization among governments to discuss educational, scientific and cultural issues. Therefore, China's policies and guidelines on the protection of "intangible cultural heritage" must be promoted and implemented by the Chinese government.
Since joining the Convention for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in August 2004, the release of relevant government documents in various periods is not only the experience summary and theoretical distillation of intangible cultural heritage protection practice, but also the specific guidance for the subsequent work of intangible cultural heritage. In practice, the awareness of intangible cultural heritage protection is constantly improved, and the concept of "intangible cultural heritage re entering life" is exactly the practice of intangible cultural heritage protection for many years Summarize the law of internal development of nursing.
(II) "re entering life of intangible cultural heritage" points out the direction of intangible cultural heritage protection, inheritance and development
Generally speaking, the "intangible cultural heritage" we see today is people's way of production and life before industrialization. With the development of modern society such as industrialization, most of the "intangible cultural heritage" we see today, such as the "traditional crafts" in the traditional way of life, are no longer necessary and needed for the contemporary way of life, which results in the so-called "rescue" for some of today's "intangible cultural heritage" projects The inheritance and development of some "intangible cultural heritage" projects are confronted with some urgent problems, such as the loss of employees and the lack of external environment.
"Intangible cultural heritage" has lost the environment of its traditional way of life. The inheritors of traditional crafts can't rely on their skills and products to obtain dignified material life and spiritual satisfaction in modern society. Obviously, their continuous inheritance and development can't rely on "feelings". It's not in line with the law of social and economic development just relying on the support of the government. In the long run, it's not conducive to the continuous transmission of "intangible cultural heritage" Through development, it will only become a kind of cultural specimen of the past.
The inheritance and development of "intangible cultural heritage" in the contemporary era, on the one hand, must arouse its endogenous power, promote its innovative development to meet the needs of contemporary life, on the other hand, it also needs the society to actively create an "environment", that is, Mr. Xu Yiyi advocated the "restoration and reconstruction of traditional, elegant and healthy life style". The former is easier to implement and more active, which is in line with the Convention for the protection of intangible cultural heritage (I) "intangible cultural heritage", which refers to the communities. This intangible cultural heritage has been handed down from generation to generation. In the process of adapting to the surrounding environment and interacting with nature and history, it is constantly recreated to provide these communities and groups with a sense of identity and sustainability, so as to enhance respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. "Spirit" is in line with the internal development law of "intangible cultural heritage protection", and "the re-entry of intangible cultural heritage into life" also promotes "the restoration and reconstruction of life style"; the latter is passive for inheritors, which needs the long-term efforts of the whole society. In this way, the two are actually complementary.
Therefore, it is a clear direction for the protection, inheritance and development of the intangible cultural heritage to stimulate the endogenous innovation power of the intangible cultural heritage, make it meet the needs of the development of contemporary social life, and let the intangible cultural heritage enter into life again.
So, as an important part of intangible cultural heritage projects, how should "traditional crafts" develop in the contemporary era and in what form to continue to develop in order to better integrate into contemporary life?
2、 Traditional technology and its innovative design, cultural and creative product design and modern product design
We need to clarify the three forms that have appeared in the current development of intangible cultural heritage traditional technology, that is, the connection and difference between the intangible cultural heritage traditional technology and its innovative design, cultural and creative product design, and modern product design, so as to correctly handle the inheritance and innovation of intangible cultural heritage traditional technology projects.
(I) traditional technology and innovative design
For some intangible cultural heritage traditional craft projects that no longer adapt to the contemporary social life, the product design innovation or "redesign" is to meet the aesthetic needs and use functions of the contemporary people, and to reappear in life, and become an organic part of the contemporary life style. In fact, this process is the inheritance and development of intangible cultural heritage traditional craft, which is sustainable The inheritance of development conforms to the definition of intangible cultural heritage in the Convention.
From a historical point of view, the development of intangible cultural heritage traditional craft projects is completely consistent with the definition of "Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention". For example, the national intangible cultural heritage project "blue printed cloth". At present, we can see that the earliest blue printed cloth objects are four blue printed cloth quilt surfaces (collected in Minhang District Museum, Shanghai History Museum, respectively) found in the tombs of the Ming Dynasty in Sanyou village, Maqiao Town, Minhang, Shanghai in 1965 The archeologists determined that the blue printed fabric products in the late Ming Dynasty, from which we can compare the material, pattern, shape, technology and application of the blue printed fabric products in the four periods of Ming, Qing, Republic of China and contemporary with the development of the times. For example, the pattern of the blue printed fabric in the late Ming Dynasty is more elegant, in which "court playing quilt" is a unique open light pattern suitable for pattern organization The pattern (made of three pieces of fabric) has a strong painting style. Until the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, such pattern layout was relatively rare, and more suitable pattern organization of auspicious combination of flowers and birds was seen; For example, before the Republic of China, the width limit of fabric door width limited to hand loom was generally no more than 50 cm, and a quilt surface generally needed 3-4 pieces of cloth to be spliced, while after the Republic of China to 1949, blue printed calico quilt surface made of wide mechanism cotton generally only needed two pieces of cloth to be spliced at most. All these changes are produced with the development of aesthetics and technology of the times. No one will say that the blue printed cloth in the Republic of China can not be called blue printed cloth because of the development and change compared with that in the late Ming Dynasty. Because the core technical feature of blue printed cloth, "the anti dye process of paper board missing size" has no essential change, it is still blue printed cloth, but with the development of the times, it even changes Innovation.
Therefore, for the traditional process, the