1.Polyoxyethylene type nonionic surfactant This type of surfactant is also called polyethylene glycol type, which is the product of the addition reaction of ethylene oxide with a compound containing active hydrogen;

(1) Alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APEO) The main products include octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. As a detergent, the number of ethylene oxides added in the molecule n = 9 ~ 12. Because the hydrophilic group is composed of a hydroxyl group and an ether bond, and there is only one hydroxyl group at the terminal group of the molecule, the hydrophilicity is very small. To make the molecule sufficiently hydrophilic, the ethylene oxide addition must be increased The number of molecules n, that is, the more ether bonds it contains, the better the hydrophilicity. Therefore, the hydrophilicity can be adjusted by combining different numbers of ethylene oxide molecules. Generally, the ethylene oxide addition products obtained have A mixture of different molecular numbers (n), usually n is an average value. The HLB value of the nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether to the addition of ethylene oxide products, the larger the HLB value, the better the hydrophilicity. For polyethylene A prominent feature of glycol type nonionic surfactants is that they have a cloud point, which is determined by their structural characteristics. In the anhydrous state, polyethylene, a polymer of glycol type nonionic surfactants The oxyethylene chain is in a zigzag state. After dissolving in water, the oxygen atoms on the ether bond and hydrogen atoms in the water form a weak hydrogen bond. The molecular chain is zigzag and hydrophilic. The oxygen atom is located on the outside of the chain, and the ethylidene group (-CH2CH2-) is located on the inside of the chain, so the periphery of the chain looks like a hydrophilic whole. The reaction that forms the hydrogen bond is exothermic, and this hydrogen bonding is weak. Therefore, when the temperature of the polyoxyethylene type nonionic surfactant aqueous solution is increased, the hydrophilicity of the combined hydrogen bond is weakened and its hydrophilicity is weakened, so the original transparent solution becomes a white turbid emulsion. This change is reversible. When the temperature decreases, the solution returns to transparent. When the transparent aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactant is slowly heated, the temperature at which the solution starts to appear white and cloudy is called its "cloud point". The cloud point reflects the hydrophilicity of the nonionic surfactant. The larger the hydrophilicity, the higher the cloud point. In order to ensure that the nonionic surfactant is in a good dissolved state, the cloud point should generally be controlled below its cloud point. The HLB value and the use performance of garbage have a certain relationship with the number of ethylene oxide molecules (n) added in non-ionic surfactant molecules. For example, the reaction adduct of nonylphenol with n = 9 ethylene oxide, When its mass fraction is 0.2% to 10%, the cloud point is 53 ° C, and the HLB value is 12, The penetration and detergency of this product are very good, and the emulsifying power is also quite strong, so it is widely used and is the main component of detergents; when the addition of ethylene oxide reaches 12, the HLB value rises to 14 The cloud point rises to 70 ° C. Although this product has improved detergency, the penetration is slightly worse; when the added ethylene oxide n> 15, the cloud point exceeds i00 ° C, the penetration and detergency They are all very poor and can only be used as special-purpose emulsifying and dispersing agents. Therefore, the addition number of ethylene oxide should be controlled according to actual needs. After hydration (combined with water relaxation), it becomes a tortuous polyoxyethylene chain nonionic surfactant. (State in aqueous solution) When an inorganic salt or an anionic surfactant is added with a nonionic surfactant, its cloud point will be affected. The presence of the inorganic salt is not conducive to the polyoxyethylene chain in the nonionic surfactant. The formation of hydrogen bonds with water causes dehydration, so the solubility and cloud point i of nonionic surfactants in water will be reduced. When anionic surfactants are added to the mixture, the nonionic surfactants will become cloudy due to the synergistic effect. The point rises, expanding its operating temperature range. These in Attention should be paid to international applications. The method of measuring the cloud point is to weigh 1g of the sample, dissolve it into a 1% aqueous solution, and pour it into a large test tube (26mm in diameter and 200mm in height) so that the liquid level in the tube is SOmm, and then The test tube was slowly heated in the glycerin bath, and the change in transparency was carefully observed. While stirring, the agitator was used to stir up and down. When the test solution became turbid, the thermometer reading in the tube at this time was the cloud point. Then take the large test tube to cool down. And note down the temperature when the transparency is restored, for comparison. If the cloud point is higher than 100 ℃, measure it in a closed tube. For a very low cloud point, it can be placed in butyl diethylene glycol or ethanol. For particularly low The cloud point product can be measured by the cloud point titration value, that is, 1 g of the surfactant solution is in about 10 mL of propanol, and the distilled water is slowly added dropwise at (30 to 1) ° C until turbidity occurs. Alkyl phenol used in industry Polyoxyethylene ether products are mainly OP series and TX series products. For example, the molecular structure of OP-10 is a diffusion, leveling, emulsifying and wetting agent commonly used in the textile industry. The molecular structure of TX-10 is octylphenol polymer. One of the oxyethylene ethers. The number after TX varies with the ethylene oxide, alkane addition number. The number of ethylene oxide additions can be adjusted according to process conditions. As the number of ethylene oxide additions in the molecule increases, the surfactant gradually changes from lipophilic to hydrophilic, with the change of HLB value It can be made into a variety of different uses, such as emulsifiers, wetting agents, detergents, solubilizers, etc. The alkyl carbon chain contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms and alkylphenols are obtained by adding nine ethylene oxide molecules. The product has good washing performance and is a commonly used detergent product.


(2) High-carbon fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) The alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether introduced above is a widely used nonionic surface active agent. Figure 7-13 Cloud point measurement agent, but due to its biodegradation Poor performance, currently there is a trend to reduce the use, and mainly use carbon fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether with good biodegradability. The water solubility of high carbon fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether is affected by the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol structure and the addition ring. The number of ethylene oxide molecules has a great effect. The fatty alcohols usually used contain between 12 and 18 carbon atoms. If the carbon number of a saturated decahydrin alcohol is three more than the number of added ethylene oxide molecules, Generally soluble at room temperature, such as the product of lauryl alcohol (dodecanol) addition of 9 ethylene oxide molecules, cetyl alcohol (hexadecyl alcohol) addition of 13 ethylene oxide The products of alkane molecules are very water-soluble at room temperature, but the product of cetyl alcohol added to 11 ethylene oxide molecules is poorly water-soluble, and it must be heated to a higher temperature to have better cleaning ability. High carbon unsaturated alcohol with 18 carbons, and octadec-9-enol (oleyl alcohol) is affected by unsaturated groups, which is the product of addition of 12 ethylene oxide It has good solubility and good cleaning ability. Although its 15-20 ethylene oxide adducts, detergency and permeability are poor, it is suitable for use as an emulsifier, dispersant and combined with alkali. Detergent. Because the high-carbon fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether has good washing and decontamination ability at a temperature lower than its cloud point, it can be matched with the detergent made by I to meet the requirements of low temperature, low foam and hard water resistance. The biggest feature of the product is its good chemical stability. It is stable in hot dilute alkalis, acids and oxidants. The products used in industry are Ping Ping O (C18H35O (CH2CH2O) 15H), leveling agent O (C12H250 (CH2CH20) ) 22H) Penetrant JFC (C7 ~ 9H15 ~ 19O (CH2CH20) 5H), etc. The best product is the best detergent and decontamination ability when the fatty alcohol alkyl chain contains 12 to 14 carbon atoms and about 10 ethylene oxides are added. Is a commonly used detergent ingredient.


(3) Fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester (AE) Fatty acid can be added with ethylene oxide under the action of a catalyst to form a polyoxyethylene type nonionic surfactant in which the hydrophilic water group and the hydrophobic group are connected by an ester bond. Different from the above two types of nonionic surfactants combined with ether bonds, because the ether bonds are easily hydrolyzed, these compounds will hydrolyze into soap when used in a strong alkaline solution. Compared with ethylene oxide adducts, its penetration and detergency are generally poor, so it is not suitable for detergents, mainly used as emulsifiers, dispersants, and dyeing aids. Such compounds used in industry such as Softener.


(4) Polyoxyethylene amine It is the reaction product of the addition of higher fatty amines and ethylene oxide. The higher fatty amines used may be primary, secondary or tertiary amines. For example, coconut amine, soybean oil amine, tallow amine, The process of the addition reaction of higher fatty primary amines such as stearylamine with ethylene oxide is: polyoxyethylene fatty amines with low addition numbers exhibit cationic properties, are insoluble in water under medium and alkaline conditions, and have low pH values. Under acidic conditions, the basic polyoxyethylene fatty amine reacts with H + to form water-soluble amine ions, which improves surface activity and is a good surfactant. This type of surfactant has the characteristics of acid resistance, alkali resistance and bactericidal power. .Polyoxyethylene fatty amine with high addition number, which has non-ionic properties, is soluble in water under medium and alkaline conditions. With the increase of ethylene oxide chain length, wetting ability also can be used as non-ionic surface Active agent use. Due to weakened incompatibility with anionic surfactants, the two can be mixed with each other.


(5) Polyoxyethylene amide is generally the product obtained by the addition of fatty amide and ethylene oxide under alkaline conditions. Since one or two active hydrogens can be added to ethylene oxide on the amide group, it can be obtained Products of several different structures, such as: developed new polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants. Depending on the structure and the number of ethylene oxide additions, it can be used as a detergent, L-seeking agent, wetting agent, Demulsifiers, antistatic agents, lubricants, and dispersants have a wide range of uses. In addition, fats such as castor oil containing hydroxyl groups can also be added to ethylene oxide to form polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants.


(6) The ethylene oxide adduct of polypropylene glycol (polyether nonionic surfactant), which is a polypropylene glycol produced by the addition polymerization reaction of propylene oxide, which is a compound with a relative molecular mass of 1000-2500 Due to the steric hindrance of the methyl group in the molecule, its water solubility is very small and it is suitable as a lipophilic raw material for surfactants. When polypropylene glycol is added with ethylene oxide or copolymerized with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide Forms polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene intercalated copolymer polymer surfactants.This type of product is called polyether type nonionic surfactant and the general formula is RO (C3H60) m (C2H4O) nH. This surfactant The degree of lipophilicity (hydrophobicity) and hydrophilicity can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene. Different ratios and different polymerization methods can obtain various surfactants with different properties. Polyether non-ionic surface The active agent has the ability to reduce the interfacial tension at very low concentrations. It can be used as an emulsifier for W / O and O / W emulsions. It has a dispersing effect on calcium soap in hard water and a good solubilizing effect. Used as a defoaming agent and antifoaming agent. Polyether nonionic surfactants have no , Non-toxic, non-irritating characteristic to chemical agents with good stability is a new non-ionic surfactant.


(7) Polyoxyethylated ionic surfactant fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether or alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. The hydroxyl group on the molecular end group can react with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, so it can be made into alcohol ether sulfuric acid. Nonionic-anionic mixed surfactants such as salt or alcohol ether phosphate; alcohol ether sulfate (AES) has better water solubility at room temperature than sulfate anionic surfactant (AS), and it is not like fatty alcohol Polyoxyethylene ether (AE) has a cloud point and will precipitate from water at high temperatures, so it has a good solubility in water, has good dispersing ability for calcium soap, has good foaming ability, is resistant to hard water, and resistant to water. Excellent surfactant with inorganic salt ability. The cleaning and decontamination ability of alcohol ether phosphate is significantly higher than that of phosphate ester anionic surfactant and has high cleaning ability, low foam, alkali resistance, hard water and electrolyte resistance, and high temperature resistance. And other characteristics. Sulfonating and neutralizing fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether can obtain alcohol ether sulfonate type nonionic-anionic mixed surfactant, SO2Cl2 Na2SO3R (OCH2CH2) nOH ----> R (0CH2CH2) nC1- ---> R (OCH2CH2) nSO3Na80 ~ 86 ℃ 155 ℃, 1MPa products for acid, alkali, inorganic The stability is very good. The quaternization of ethylene oxide adducts of higher fatty amines can be used to obtain nonionic-cationic mixed surfactants, whose structure is, for example, this product has cationic and nonionic surfactants. It can be used as antistatic agent, emulsifier, dispersant, etc.


2. Polyol type Polyol type nonionic surfactants are esters of organic compounds containing multiple hydroxyl groups, such as ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol glycerol, sorbitan, and sucrose, and higher fatty acids. The hydrophilic group in the molecule is a hydroxyl group. Because the hydroxyl group is weak in hydrophilicity, it is often used as an emulsifier. This type of product is derived from natural products and has the characteristics of easy biodegradation and low toxicity. Therefore, it is mostly used in poultry magnetic medicine and other departments. Alcohol ester.


(1) Sorbitol ester Sorbitol is a polyhydric alcohol produced by hydrogenation of glucose. There are six hydroxyl groups in the molecule. Sorbitan can be dehydrated under appropriate conditions to produce dehydrated sorbitol and dihydrated sorbitol. The remaining hydroxyl groups in the sorbitol molecule undergo esterification reaction with higher fatty acids to obtain anhydrous sorbitol ester. It is a multivariate surfactant. The product is actually a mixture of monoesters, diesters, and succinic acids; lauric acid, brown can be used as the fatty acid. Cabinet acid seals fatty acid and oleic acid. Its monoesters are coded as Span-20, 40, 60, 80, and stearic acid and oleic acid are coded as Span-65 and Span-85. If the Span-type polyol surfactant is used with ethylene oxide, the corresponding Tween-type non-surface scribing agent can be obtained. Due to the introduction of polyoxyethylene chain, its water solubility can be improved For example, Tween-60 obtained by the addition of one Span-60 molecule and 20 ethylene oxide compounds. Span rents Tween series of non-ionic surfactants are commonly used emulsifiers in industrial production. Table 7-2 columns There are trade names, chemical compositions and HLB values of Spanner and Tween emulsifiers.


(2) Sucrose ester Sucrose ester is an abbreviation of sucrose fatty acid ester. Sucrose (C12H22011) is a product of the condensation of a glucose molecule with a fructose molecule, and there are multiple free hydroxyl groups in the molecule, so it has good water solubility and can be used with higher fatty acids. Esterification reaction occurs: K2CO3RCOOCH3 + C12H22011RCOOC12H21O10 + CH3OH reduced pressure, 90 ~ 100 ℃ (fatty acid methyl ester) (sucrose) (sucrose fatty acid monoester) Because sucrose ester is easily biodegradable, it can be absorbed by the human body, harmless to the human body, not It stimulates the characteristics of the skin, so it is widely used in foods and cosmetic crystals as an emulsifier and other additives.It can also be used as a low foam detergent ingredient.


3. Alkyl alcohol amide type Alkyl alcohol amide is the condensation product of fatty acid and ethanolamine. The fatty acid is usually coconut oleic acid, fatty acid or lauric acid, and ethanolamine is monoethanolamine or diethanolamine. Ethanolamine is the general name of diethanolamine and triethanolamine. When ammonia reacts with ethylene oxide, the three active hydrogens in the ammonia molecule will be replaced by hydroxyethyl groups to form monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine